FREE ESSAY ON ANCIENT GREEK THEATER AND DRAMA

ANCIENT GREEK THEATER AND DRAMA

Ancient Greek Theater and Drama
Jennifer Mills
Theater has been an integral part of almost every society for thousands of years.
Starting in the last Sixth century B.C. Theater has been evolving into the glitzy,
whirlwind productions of today. But in the beginning, theater was a simple affair.
Originating in Greece, theater tradition was derived from religious rituals. The
ceremonies of the cult of Dionysus were exuberant; much story telling took place in the
form of song and dance. Everyone would partake in the story telling, forming what is
known as the chorus. The first man to step out of the chorus and take a role of a
character was the poet Thespis. It was his idea to include a character that could partake
in dialog that revolutionized theater, as it is known today. From the first time Thespis
stepped into a character, the Greeks adored the idea of physically acting out their
stories. Eventually, drama and theater were integrated into two festivals of Dionyssos,
the Lenea festival in January and the Great Dionyssia in March. Poets could enter a
series of four plays (three tragedies and a comedy) to be judged by five judges. Only
three poets were allowed to enter these two contests per year. The Honorable Archon chose
the three participants. The poets and actors were paid by the state, but sponsored by a
rich Athenian, a primitive producer. It brought great honor to the producer if the play
he was sponsoring took first place at one of the two contests. It was the sponsor who
paid for the tickets to fill the entire theater, for everyone could see the play for
free. That allowed the poorest people in the Athenian nation to enjoy theater along with
the richest.
Plays were rarely written down, they were recorded by memorization, or oral tradition.
Thus, many of the plays written in the ancient Grecian time period have been lost.
However, a few plays were written down, and are still preformed today, their literary
value and content being so great. Once a play was preformed at a festival, it was usually
never preformed again, or if it was, it was preformed at Anthesteria festival to
Dionyssos.
Plays were preformed in theaters. The theaters were usually built into the side of a hill
or on an open area. The theaters were always open-air theaters and consisted of three
parts: the Orchestra, the Scene and the Koilon. The orchestra was the almost circular
area in the middle of the seats in which the acting took place. In the center of the
orchestra was the Thymeli, which was used as an alter in the early days of theater and as
the area for the leader of the chorus as drama developed throughout time. The acting, in
the beginning of theater, always took place in the center of the orchestra, but as
theater developed, the acting moved back, to directly in front of the scene. The scene
was a tall wooden platform from which scenery painting was hung. The scenery usually
consisted of a palace or temple, and a door was cut into the scene so that characters
could enter from the palace or temple. Entryways, called parodoi, were also present on
the sides of the scene, separating it from the seats of the theater. If an actor entered
from the right parodos, he was coming from town or port. If an actor entered from the
left parodos he was coming from the fields or a foreign country. On top of the scene was
a narrow walkway on which an actor could stand if he were portraying a god or the leader
of the chorus. The third part of the theater was the Koilon, or section where the
audience sat. In the very first days of theater, the audience stood around the orchestra.
However, seats, of either dirt or wood, were then built into the hillsides to provide a
place to sit. The koilon was divided into two sections, or Diazoma, the upper and lower.
The front seats were called Proedria and were reserved for officials and priests. When
theater first began, the koilon and scene were portable, but by the end of the fifth
century B.C. the Greeks had begun to build permanent theaters.
The chorus was a group of actors who were supposed to represent to the voice of both
society and morality. The members of the chorus suffered along with the heroes of
tragedies and laughed with the heroes of comedies. The chorus could take on very
different appearances for either a comedy or tragedy. In a comedy, the chorus was called
the codrax, in a tragedy it was called the emmelia, and in a satiric drama, it was called
sicinnis. In the original plays, up until Sophocles the poet started to write plays,
there were always twelve member of the chorus. They marched onstage together in a square
formation. When Sophocles began writing plays, he added three additional choral members,
making the total fifteen. With fifteen members of the chorus, they marched on stage in a
rectangular formation, three men wide and five men deep.
Costumes were necessary to Greek theater, for the members of the audience sat far away
from the acting. Thus, the actors wore elaborate robes and intricate, lifelike masks. The
masks and robes could be changed when an actor changed character. The masks were human in
form, and had openings for the nose and eyes. The masks muffled the actor's voices,
making enunciation mandatory. Often, onstage machinery was used to create special
effects. The Aeoreme was a crane which lifted actors into the air, enabling them to play
gods, visions or prophesies. The Periactoi were two pillars on which scenery was mounted,
and by turning the pillars, the scenery would change. The Ekeclema was a cart used to
haul dead bodies on the stage, for all violence and killing took place off stage. Actors
were chosen by the state, and paid by the state. They were always men, and usually the
author of the play was a main actor. Thespis introduced the first actor to theater,
Aeschylos added the second actor and Sophocles added the third actor. All of the actors
could play multiple roles, but only three actors (maximum) and the chorus could be
onstage.
The three greatest dramatists of all time are considered to be Aeschylos, Sophocles and
Aristophanes. Aeschylos was the first highly regarded dramatist. He was born around 535
B.C. to a wealthy and noble family. He was an acclaimed soldier, participating in the
battle of Marathon against the Persians, which later became his inspiration for his play
The Persians. Aeschylos was awarded thirteen first prizes for his plays, and
unprecedented amount at that time. His contribution to theater was so great that a law
was passed; making the production of his entire plays mandatory. Aeschylos died in Gela
of Sicely in 455 B.C. There are reports of an eagle dropping a turtle on his head and
killing him, but that story was most likely created by another dramatist. The second of
the greatest dramatists is Sophocles. He was born in Colonus, Athens in 497 B.C. His
father was a wealthy armour maker and Sophocles had an excellent education. He was
handsome and an excellent athlete, during his military service, he reached the rank of
general. Sophocles had as many as twenty-four victories for his plays, and he never
received an award for less than second place. He beat Aeschylos many times in contest.
Only seven of his plays still exist today. Aristophanes is the third great poet of that
day. He mainly wrote comedies, and entered the drama contests prematurely under a pen
name (contestants were to be 18 years of age). He was born in Athens in 452 B.C. His
first entry, entered under the pen name Detalis, received first prize. His works contain
a great deal of humor and lightheartedness. Aristophanes died in Aegina in 385 B.C.
Many of the theaters in Greece are famous for holding ancient preformences. The most
famous is the theater in which the competitions for the Great Dionyssia festival was
held. It can still be visited today.
Ancient Grecian Theater has influenced all forms of modern theater. Without ancient
theater, we might not have that form of entertainment, or even the television.