FREE ESSAY ON CORAL REEFS

CORAL REEFS

Coral reefs are arguably the world's most beautiful habitats. Coral reefs have been called
the rainforests of the oceans, because of the rich diversity of life they support.
Scientists have not yet finished counting the thousands of different species of plants
and animals that use or live in the coral reef. There are three types of coral reefs:
fringing reefs, barrier reefs, and atolls. Fringing reefs are located close to shore,
separated from land by only shallow water. Barrier reefs lie farther offshore, separated
from land by lagoons more than ten meters deep. Atolls, on the other hand, are formed far
offshore and they make a ring-shaped reef that close a circular lagoon. Coral reefs are
the largest biological structures on the planet, with the largest being the Great Barrier
Reef covering over 2000 kilometers along the east coast of Australia (Focus, 1995). The
reef is said to be 500,000 to 2,500,000 years old and is said to be visible from the
moon.(Scientif! ic, 1987). There is only one problem with this beautiful structure and
that is the carelessness of man. Silt from deforested lands and pollution from crowded
coastlines choke them, and overuse by coal miners, fisheries, and even tourists deplete
and destroy coral reefs. There are many more factors which add to the destruction of the
coral reefs, which if not stopped it will destroy all coral reefs. Corals are animals,
not plants, sunlight is the key to their survival. They need it to power the millions of
microscopic algae, called zooxanthellae, that live in their tissues. The algae provides
the corals with food and oxygen in return for raw materials and a secure place to live.
This teamwork is what allows the reef to survive in nutrient-poor tropical seas. This
relationship is sensitive to such changes in the environment as cloudy waters or extreme
temperatures. The stress on the corals can cause them to expel their algae, a phenomenon
known as bleaching(Futurists, 1993). With the algae gone, the coral skeleton is visible
and eventually it dies. Died corals lead further on to the death of the reef. There are
four environmental factors that effect their growth: temperature, salinity, water depth,
and wave action. These factors exposes the reef to changes in the environment very easily
especially since it is located so close to shore. This also makes it hard for all of the
species which use the coral reef to survive. Coral reefs are home to perhaps one-fourth
of all marine species. This in turns effects the entire ecosystem of the ocean. Pollution
by humans have directly or indirectly caused the death of 5%-10% of the world's living
reefs, according to marine biologist Clive Wilkinson of the Australian Institute of
Marine Science. This estimate didn't take in global warming and 
ozone depletion as a factor. The pollution is caused by fisheries, oil spills,
deforestation, tourists, and even reckless divers. The problems which are getting even
bigger is the problem of 
deforestation and reckless divers. In the watershed of Bacuit Bay in the Philippines,
deforestation inc! reased erosion into the bay by more that 200 times.(Futurists, 1995)
One of the biggest threats to coral reefs are tourists. Last year alone over 1.2 million
tourists visited the Great Barrier Reef. (Star-Bulletin, 1995) The tourists are not only
fisherman and devoted divers they are also scientists who wanted to see the enormous
reef. Every year the numbers of visitors increase by 10%. It has brought many resorts to
the area who also want to get into fun and making a little money in the $1 billion
business. Even the hotels and the motels pollute the reefs by their drainage and sewage
pipes. This is causing a huge problem in coastal tourism which is the world's fastest
growing industry, worth over $7 billion annually in the Caribbean.(Star-Bulletin, 1995)
Marine Scientists are really worried of how much longer the reef can survive with all
these visitors to the reefs. Global warming and ozone depletion are major contributors to
destruction of the earth's coral reefs. Global warming is said to cause the effect of
bleaching, as mentioned earlier. This bleaching has just started in the islands of
Hawaii. The temperature of the water in Hawaii has said to have rose over a two degrees
in just one decade which the scientists think soon will show the effects in their reefs
(Star-Bulletin, 1995). Another example during 1982-83 El Nino event, during which
unusually warm water flowed from South America's Pacific Coast, up to 70%-90% of the
corals off the Pacific coasts of Costa Rica, Panama ,and Columbia died. Also, coral
mortality was more than 95% off Ecuador's Galapagos Islands(Futurists, 1993). Scientists
have found that temperatures more than 4 degrees Celsius above normal, even for a few
hours, will result in greater that 90% coral mortality. The coral reefs can provide great
things to mankind if they are taken from the corals with care and responsibility. Coral
reefs yield approximately one-tenth of all fish caught for human consumption, or around 4
to 8 billion tons annually (Futurists, 1993). Healthy reefs are thought to be among the
most productive fisheries in the ocean, 10 to 100 times higher per unit area that of the
deep ocean ( Scientific, 1987). If the fisheries are regulated than the reefs can be used
as a food source without hurting the reefs or the ecosystem. For example, Pacific
Islanders obtain up to 90% of their animal protein from reef fish without affecting the
reefs and without depleting 
the fish and effecting the ecosystem (Star-Bulletin, 1995). Surprisingly, some of the
world's largest oil and gas fields are ancient reefs. Like the rain forests, the reefs
also hold considerable untapped potential in the science of medicine. Japan's coast is
one of the most studied coral coast in the world. In Japan's reefs there is a chemical
called kainic acid, which is used as a diagnostic chemical to investigate Huntington's
chorea, a rare but fatal disease of the nervous system (Focus, 1995). Coral also produces
a natural sunscreen which is now being marketed to sell as a sunscreen to humans in
America. Also, the porous limestone skeletons of coral is now being tested as bone grafts
in humans(Focus, 1995). More promising testing is being done on other reef organisms to
generate chemicals for cancer and AIDS research. If used properly, the reefs of the
entire world can better serve humans with medicine rather than with food. There have been
many studies on how long the coral reefs will last, and they all agree that within fifty
years, coral reefs existence will be cut in half . The studies also say that within one
hundred years they could be completely destroyed. This should be a wakeup call to humans
that we as a whole group have to do something about saving these coral reefs. If these
reefs are destroyed it is thought that it might destroy the entire ecosystem of the
ocean. There are over sixty-five countries that have designated some 300 parks that
include coral reefs as natural habitats in the world (Futurists, 1993). The problem is
that less that 30% of the designated areas are fully protected. The fight is economical
not ecological. Such as Australia and the Caribbean who are making billions of dollars on
their coral reefs. Everyone must work together to stop the pollution and the destruction
of our coral reefs and our environment. it is not just one thing that is destroying the
reefs! it is many factors together that are destroying it. Ultimately, it is as much a
question of whether we save or destroy the planet as it is a question of whether we save
or destroy the world's reef. Works Cited Aldridge, Susan (April, 1995) "Coral:
Replacement for Human Bones" Focus. Goreau, Thomas (August, 1987) "Coral and Coral Parks"
Scientific American. TenBruggencats, Jan (May, 1995) "Coral in Hot Waters" Star-Bulletin
& Advertiser. Weber, Peter (July, 1993) "Saving the Coral Reefs" Futurists.