FREE ESSAY ON FEMALE YOUNG OFFENDERS

FEMALE YOUNG OFFENDERS

Dressed in a baggy T-shirt, cotton pants and runners with long wavy hair falling around
her shoulders, she looks like an ordinary teenager. Yet because of her crime she spent
her "sweet sixteen" birthday locked up in one of British Columbia's closed custody units
for youth. 'Janice" which is not her real name because the Young Offenders Act prohibits
publication of a youths identity is incarcerated for her part in the brutal murder of 14
year-old Reena Virk in November 1997, an event that shocked the country and prompted "Bad
Girl" headlines coast to coast. What made this case so unbelievable was that seven out of
eight of the teens who participated in butting out a cigarette on Virk's forehead, and
punching and kicking her until she was dazed and bleeding, were girls. (Chislom, 1997) 
Many people believe that because of incidents like this, there must be a major problem
with our female youth and crime today. Although this was an extremely heinous crime - are
female youths really becoming more violent and more capable of murder? Are crimes
committed by young females catching up to the number of crimes committed by young males?
These are questions sought and researched by many individuals and groups in Canadian
society as well as all around the world. No matter what the number's are today of crimes
committed by young females, the crimes they commit are still significantly lower than
that of their male counterparts. However, there is an increase of young female offenders
and it is becoming more recognized by the media and society. Female offenders commit
relatively fewer severe crimes than males, they are less likely to recidivate, and yet
although the Young Offenders Act abolished status offences, young women are treated
differently by the courts compared to youthful males.
In general, both young males and females have the same factors which may lead them down
the path to commit crime. Many adolescents who are involved in crime had histories of
family dysfunction, school problems, such as, truancy, learning disabilities, failure,
and conflicts with teachers. As well, young offenders are quite often found to be
involved in drug and/or alcohol abuse, have delinquent peers and/or belong to a gang.
Personal risk factors are also a big issue when dealing with the profile of a young
offender. If a child shows anti-social behaviour, frequently runs away from home and/or
is a very hyperactive child, then criminal activity, although it may not always be the
case, could be another behaviour to surface from the individual child. Compared to males,
young females are much more likely to turn crime if they have been a victim of physical
and/or sexual abuse (Corrado et al., 2000, p. 144).
Although a young offenders profile is very similar for both males and females, girl
offenders differ from their male counterparts in several ways. Criminal activity by girls
and young women tend to begin and end at a younger age (Reitsma-Street, 1993, p. 440). In
a 1997 study the percentage of accused youth between the ages of twelve and thirteen, 22
percent were females, 15 percent were males and between the ages of fourteen and fifteen,
43 percent were females and 36 percent were males. However, after the age of fifteen
female youths accused of a crime dropped drastically and while males being charged
escalated. Also, young females are two to five times less likely to get involved in more
serious crime than are young males (Savoie, 1999).
Of all the "Canadian kids who killed" between 1961 and 1983, 89 percent were male and 11
percent were female (Meloff & Silverman, 1992) Figures revealed by Statistics Canada
(1995), 36 Canadian youths were charged with homicide. Of these 36 charged only three
were females. A major gender difference is shown in the number of youth charged with
homicide. Statistics Canada (1995) also revealed that 61 boys and 9 girls were charged in
the same year with attempted murder. This raises the question as to whether or not the
rates of homicide and attempted murder have increased in the last several years. Contrary
to the belief of many people, they have not. Dealing with young female's Dell and Boe
(1997, p. 24), found that from 1992 to 1994 girls charged with homicide has remained
fairly constant compared to the previous several years. Compared with young males charged
with these crimes form between the same years, boys committed ten times as many homicides
and approximately eight times as many attempted murders than girls. Even though females
are not nearly as murderous than the boys, male youth homicide has also remained stable
throughout the years (Sinclair & Boe, 1998, p. 27).
Meloff and Silverman (1992, p. 27) found that young females rarely commit homicide during
the process of committing another crime, such as, theft or break and enter. For instance,
between 1961 and 1983 only 3 percent of girl killings were committed during another crime
compared to 25 percent of the young male homicides. 
Although murder and murder related crimes are very serious offences, they only make up 3
percent of all crimes committed by Canadian girls and compared to their male counterparts
murder is far less frequent. On the other hand, female assault crimes account for almost
20 percent of all female youth crime (Corrado et al., 2000, p. 197). Many people look at
these figures and believe that young women are becoming more violent. According to
Statistics Canada (1995) "9,275 youths were charged with violent offences in 1986. By
1996 that number tripled to 21,811. Female youths were charged with 1,728 violent crimes
in 1986. By 1998 the number was up to 5,191, an increase of 200.4%." This increase may be
shocking, but it still does not compare to the number and severity of violent crimes
committed by young males. Doob & Sprott, said it best in their 1998 that "[f]or girls"
there has been "increases in minor assaults and no increase in the most serious assaults.
In general ... girls are less involved than boys in all levels of assualt, particularly,
the most serious forms." (p. 185) Further, according to Carrington (1995, p. 68), the
increase in assault charges laid from 1994 to 1997 on girls were 
likely the result of police officers, teachers, and the general public taking a more
punitive approach to incidents that were normally dealt with informally. 
The Young Offenders Act deals with three levels of assault for young offenders. Level one
being the least serious and level three being the most. The major difference between
girls assault levels and levels of assault charges for all youths is that for girls,
there has been an increase in the number and rate of middle level assaults. This increase
is nothing to overlook, however, compared to young males, these boys are committing a
much larger number of level three assaults than are girls. Furthermore, the number of
assaults young males commit in general for outweigh those girls commit by the thousand's
(Doob & Sprott, 1998, p. 190).
Many people in our society associate people who commit violent crimes with drugs. Since
1987, the number of young Canadian males and females charged with drug offences has
extremely increased. In 1997, the young male rate was 35 per 10,000, while the female
rate was 6 per 10,000. This was a 42 percent increase for boys and a 50 percent increase
for girls in a ten year period. (Stevenson et al., 1998) Still, as is the case for
assault, there's a major gender gap in the rate of youths charged for drug offences and
the percentages given of the rate of increase for both males and females are deceiving.
As people look at the percentage increase of female youth crime from these statistics or
statistics alike, they come to believe there must be a significant problem with the young
girls today. However, when looking more closely at the numbers, in this case, only two
more girls per 10,000 were charged with a drug offence (a 50% increase). The boys showed
a 42 percent increase, appearing to have better rates than the females; but in reality
fifteen more boys per 10,000 were charged with a drug offence (Stevenson et al., 1998).
If girls involved in drugs is a minor issue of female crime today, then the same can be
said about property crime. The most common types of these crimes committed by Canadian
girls and boys is theft, break and enter, and motor vehicle theft. This is one area of
female youth crime where the number of offences is not that unnoticeable. Property crimes
account for 23.8 percent of all offences committed by females. In 1998, there were just
under 12,000 females charged with a property crime out of a total of 54,047 youths
charged (Corrado, et al., 2000, p. 197). One aspect to look at is the severity of these
property crimes by young girls. Along with boys, the most common crime is theft (and for
girls mainly just shoplifting small items). However, the male theft rate is more than
doubled that of girls, as well as, the male break and enter and motor vehicle theft rate
which is ten times higher (Stevenson et al., 1998, p. 29). Once again juvenile girls are
a small portion of the crimes committed. There were a little more than 40,000 property
crimes committed by males in 1998 which is approximately five times greater than those
committed by girls (Corrado et al., 2000)
Out of all the youth court cases in Canada, the most common were crimes of this stature.
In 1994-95, almost half of the cases dealt with property crime (Jones, p. 158). In
dealing with all youth crime, the youth courts have not necessarily treated young females
with any more leniency compared to young males since the implementation of the Young
Offenders Act Boritch, 1997). Of all dispositions given, the most common for both females
and males is probation. In 1996-97, males were more likely to receive custodial sentences
and a fine, and females were more likely to receive community service and an absolute
discharge (Stevenson et al., 1998). in general, as Marge Reitsma-Street (1993) states in
her article "Canadian Youth Court Charges and Dispositions", juvenile girls appear before
the court with fewer charges than males. It takes less for a female offender to be
brought to court than a male young offender. Reitsma-Street also mentions,
"... charges for breaches, non compliance, failure to appear, escapes, and broad 'against
the YOA' breaches of section 26 are increasing rapidly in the later 1980's. These charges
are increasing at a much faster rate for female than for male youths and are the major
reasons for the total increase in charge rates against girls after introduction of the
YOA ...
By 1991, one in four charges laid against young females in youth courts are against the
administration of youth justice. Over one-fifth of Canadian female youths in secure or
open custody were charged with violations against administrative rules. It is difficult
to understand why twice as many young females are in custody for breaking administrative
rules than for either serious or minor assaults (p. 453).
Despite the fact that the Young Offenders Act abolished status offences, which are
behaviours that if engaged by adults, would not be designated as crimes, they have not
really disappeared. "In fact they have merely been reclassified into other categories,
such as order maintenance offences and administrative offences." (Boritch, 1997) These
offences, as well as, the prior status offences under the Juvenile Delinquents Act (JDA)
include behaviours such as truancy, immorality, running away from home and violations of
liquor laws (Reitsma-Street, 1993, p. 454). Reviewing status offences from the JDA
period, boys were less likely than females to receive a custodial sentence for crimes
related to this type of offence and girl status offenders were incarcerated for longer
periods of time than were boys who committed the same offences (Boritch, 1997). With the
elimination of status offences it would be a logical assumption that the number of young
females in custody today would be lower than it was at the end of the JDA era. According
to Reitsma-Street(1993), this is not the case. After 1984, custody increased at a steady
pace from 6.7 percent in 1984-85 to 12.7 percent in 1988-89. Improvement is nowhere in
sight. Further, from 1991-92 to 1994-95, more young females wee sentenced to open custody
facilities, while less serious dispositions, such as fines, absolute discharge,
restitution and community service orders dropped in numbers during the same time period
(Dell & Boe, 1997). 
Although more females receive custodial than males for "status (administrative)
offences", after the introduction of the Young Offenders Act male youths admitted to
custody facilities, in general, has increased immensely compared to females. The
custodial rate for males increased from15.5 percent in 1984-85 to 22.6 percent in 1990-91
(Reitsma-Street, 1993, p. 450) Reitsma-Street (1993) also contends that
"[t]he gender inequity in custodial dispositions has increased, not because the rates
have gone down for females, but because more male young offenders are sent to custody.
Before the YOA was introduced, one female received a custody sentence for every five to
seven males; by 1990, that ratio had changed to one female for every eight to twelve male
young offenders." (p. 450) 
In relation to all sentences given under the YOA, specific gender differences are no
longer as obvious as they were under the JDA (Reitsma-Street, 1993, p. 453). A study by
Kueneman and Linden (1992), for example, indicated that females were less likely to
receive a harsher disposition than males. Carrington and Moyer (1995) found that the
reason why the criminal justice system may be more lenient toward females is due to the
result of females being more likely to have been found guilty of serious offences than
males and to be less likely to have a criminal record.
Examination of recidivism indicates in research that young female recidivists are, in
general, less likely than their male counterparts to receive a custodial disposition. For
male youth, dispositions involving custody is 24 percent compared to 11 percent of all
dispositions with females. Differences in the way males and females are treated in youth
court cannot be accurately determined and findings such as these do not show the nature
of the offence or the offenders characteristics (Dohery & deSouza, 1995). Doherty and
deSouza also mention,
"... that 44% of male youth were repeat offenders compared to 33% of females. In
addition, statistics for 1995-96 show that females were convicted for more minor
infractions than their male counterparts. This included charges for the following: theft
under $5,000 (26%) and minor assault (15%). In contrast, males represented 18% of those
convicted of theft under $5,000 and 10% of those convicted of minor assault." 
As well, in 1995-96 Canadian Statistics indicated that males were twice as likely to be
continuous offenders, with three or more prior convictions, than were females. Only 5
percent of females had three or more prior convictions compared to 11 percent of males
(Kowalski & Caputo, 1999, p. 66) The statistics also revealed that 8 percent of young
female first-time offenders were given a custodial sentence compared to 48 percent of who
had three or more prior convictions. Males on the other hand, 14 percent of first-time
offenders received a custody sentence compared with 67 percent of males who had three or
more previous convictions. Male and female repeat offenders who were found guilty of
three or more convictions were both more apt to receive secure custody. Of male repeat
offenders with three or more convictions, 42 percent received secure custody compared to
25 percent who were given open custody. With not much of a difference, females with three
or more convictions, 25 percent received secure custody compared to 24 percent who were
given open custody (Kowalski & Caputo, 1999, p. 66). 
However, the young offenders gender has no effect on the initial relationship between the
number of previous convictions and the seriousness of the disposition. Overall, the
results indicate that female offenders often receive less custody dispositions than male
offenders and that, in general, they are less likely to recidivate (Kowalski & Caputo,
1999, p. 66).
Young female offenders have been shown to be the minority of all youth crime. Although
female crime may be slightly on the rise, the number of crimes they commit are dragged in
the dust behind the number of crimes committed by young males. Despite horrific news of
some teenage girls being violent, in reality, the majority of Canadian young females are
not, and compared to young males, girls are not nearly as violent. The meanings,
contexts, and motives of female violent crimes and other offences differ from that of
young males and their crimes are usually extremely less severe. Further, Canadian female
young offenders commit mostly property crimes, especially shoplifting. Males commit more
expensive property crimes and they do so with a much greater frequency. Youth court cases
deal with property crimes the most by all young offenders. Although the YOA eliminated
status offences, young females are still charged more for these crimes, which have been
reclassified, compared to male youths. In general, male young offenders receive many more
custodial sentences than do females and the recidivism rate is much higher for males than
it is for females. Many people believe that female young offenders and youth crime is
beginning to be a major problem. It may not be an issue to simply ignore, but reality of
it is that female youth crime has remained fairly stable over the last several years and
the concern is overly exaggerated.