FREE ESSAY ON GALILEO

GALILEO

Galileo Galilei was born at Pisa on the 18th of February in 1564. His father, Vincenzo
Galilei, belonged to a noble family and had gained some distinction as a musician and a
mathematician. At an early age, Galileo manifested his ability to learn both mathematical
and mechanical types of things, but his parents, wishing to turn him aside from studies
which promised no substantial return, steered him toward some sort of medical profession.
But this had no effect on Galileo. During his youth he was allowed to follow the path
that he wished to.
Although in the popular mind Galileo is remembered chiefly as an astronomer, however, the
science of mechanics and dynamics pretty much owe their existence to his findings. Before
he was twenty, observation of the oscillations of a swinging lamp in the cathedral of
Pisa led him to the discovery of the isochronism of the pendulum, which theory he
utilized fifty years later in the construction of an astronomical clock. In 1588, an
essay on the center of gravity in solids obtained for him the title of the Archimedes of
his time, and secured him a teaching spot in the University of Pisa. During the years
immediately following, taking advantage of the celebrated leaning tower, he laid the
foundation experimentally of the theory of falling bodies and demonstrated the falsity of
the peripatetic maxim, which is that an objects rate of descent is proportional to its
weight. When he challenged this it made all of the followers of Aristotle extremely
angry, they would not except the fact that their leader could have been wrong. Galileo,
in result of this and other troubles, found it prudent to quit Pisa and move to Florence,
the original home of his family. In Florence he was nominated by the Venetian Senate in
1592 to the chair of mathematics in the University of Padua, which he occupied for
eighteen years, with ever-increasing fame. After that he was appointed philosopher and
mathematician to the Grand Duke of Tuscany. During the whole of this period, and to the
close of his life, his investigation of Nature, in all her fields, was never stopped.
Following up his experiments at Pisa with others upon inclined planes, Galileo
established the laws of falling bodies as they are still formulated. He likewise
demonstrated the laws of projectiles, and largely anticipated the laws of motion as
finally established by Newton. In statics, he gave the first direct and satisfactory
demonstration of the laws of equilibrium and the principle of virtual velocities. In
hydrostatics, he set forth the true principle of flotation. He invented a thermometer,
though a defective one, but he did not, as is sometimes claimed for him, invent the
microscope.
Though, as has been said, it is by his astronomical discoveries that he is most widely
remembered, it is not these that constitute his most substantial title to fame. In this
connection, his greatest achievement was undoubtedly his virtual invention of the
telescope. Hearing early in 1609 that a Dutch optician, named Lippershey, had produced an
instrument by which the apparent size of remote objects was magnified, Galileo at once
realized the principle by which such a result could alone be attained, and, after a
single night devoted to consideration of the laws of refraction, he succeeded in
constructing a telescope which magnified three times, its magnifying power being soon
increased to thirty-two. This instrument being provided and turned towards the heavens,
the discoveries, which have made Galileo famous, were bound at once to follow, though
undoubtedly he was quick to grasp their full significance. The moon was shown not to be,
as the old astronomy taught, a smooth and perfect sphere, of different nature to the
earth, but to possess hills and valleys and other features resembling those of our own
globe. The planet Jupiter was found to have satellites, thus displaying a solar system in
miniature, and supporting the doctrine of Copernicus. It had been argued against the said
system that, if it were true, the inferior planets, Venus and Mercury, between the earth
and the sun, should in the course of their revolution exhibit phases like those of the
moon, and, these being invisible to the naked eye, Copernicus had to change the false
explanation that these planets were transparent and the sun's rays passed through them.
But with his telescope Galileo found that Venus did actually exhibit the desired phases,
and the objection was thus turned into an argument for Copernicanism.
Galileo was tried by the Inquisition for his writings discussing the Ptolemaic and
Copernican systems. In June 1633, Galileo was condemned to life imprisonment for heresy.
His writings about these subjects were banned, and printers were forbidden to publish
anything further by him or even to reprint his previous works. Outside Italy, however,
his writings were translated into Latin and were read by scholars throughout Europe.
Galileo remained under imprisonment until his death in 1642. However he never was a real
prisoner for he never spent any time in a prison cell or being treated like a criminal.
Instead he spent his time in fancy apartments. The rest of the time he was allowed to use
houses of friends as his places of confinement the, always comfortable and usually
luxurious.
Outline
Galileo Galilei
I. Early Life
A. Born in 1564 at Pisa
B. Parents want him to be a doctor
C. Eventually allowed to follow his own path
II. Accomplishments other than in the field of astronomy
A. Isochronism of the pendulum
1. later led to astronomical clock
B. Center of Gravity in Solids
C. Teacher at University of Pisa
D. Theory of Falling Bodies
E. Nominated to the chair of mathematics in the University of Padua
F. Laws of Projectiles
G. Laws of Equilibrium / Principle of Virtual Velocities
H. Thermometer
III. Astronomical Discoveries
A. Designed highest powered telescopes of the time.
B. The moon
1. Not a perfect and smooth sphere
C. Jupiter
1. Four moons of Jupiter
D. Venus and Mercury
1. Not transparent
2. Had phases
IV. Later Life
A. Tried by the Inquisition
1. For writings
2. Charged with Heresy
B. Sentenced to house arrest
1. lived in luxury
2. never in a prison cell
C. Writings Prohibited
D. Died in 1642
Bibliography
1. Drake, S. ,Galileo at Work: His Scientific Biography. Greensborough Press, 1995.
2. Finnochiara, Maurice A. ,The Galileo Affair. The University of California Press,
1989.
3. Redondi, P. ,Galileo Heretic. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987.
4. Reston, J. Jr. ,Galileo: A Life. HarperCollins Publishing, 1994.
5. Segre, M. ,In the Wake of Galileo. New Brunswick Co., 1992.
6. Sharratt, M. ,Galileo: Decisive Innovator., Sanford Publishing 1994