FREE ESSAY ON GENDER ROLES

GENDER ROLES

Gender Bias in Literature
"Men Fix Things...Girls Have Dolls"
-Shirley B. Ernst
I have thought about many different ways to organize this paper and have come to the
conclusion that the best way to approach the topic is on a book-by-book basis. My
perceptions of the gender biases in these books vary greatly and I did not want to begin
altering my views on each so that they would fit into certain contrived connections. What
interests me most in these stories is how the authors utilize certain character's within
their given environment. Their instincts and reactions are a wonderful window into how
the authors perceive these "people" would interact with their surroundings and often are
either rewarded or punished by the author through consequences in the plot for their
responses. Through this means we can see how the authors expect their characters to
behave in relation to their post in the world. We must be very careful as readers to
judge these biases based only on evidence within the text and not invent them from our
own psyche due to the individual world we know.
In Louis Sachar's award winning book Holes, we see gender biases in many characters. The
first and most obvious bias in this book can be found in the way Sachar's characters
address Mr. Pendanski, one of the staff members at Camp Green Lake. Many of the boys
refer to him sarcastically as "mom", and it is not because of his loving nature. Mr.
Pendanski is neurotic about things the boys consider trivial and he has a tendency to nag
them. Because Mr. Pendanski is portrayed as the antithesis of Mr. Sir, who simply drips
testosterone, others view him as a female for his weakness. The fact that Sachar allows
his characters to equate weakness with femininity, or more accurately motherhood, shows a
certain bias towards the supposed strength that innately accompanies masculinity. This
attitude is only furthered by the fact that the rest of the book as almost totally devoid
of female characters other than the witch-like caricature presented to us in the form of
the warden. She comes complete with a vicious disposition and poisonous fingernails. 
The most interesting part of this bias is that the boys chose to name Mr. Pendanski "mom"
in light of their own personal family histories. I think it can safely be assumed that
not many of these boys had a functional relationship with their parents or they probably
would not be in Camp Green Lake to begin with. These boys chose to place Mr. Pendanski, a
whiny and unrespected man in the grand scheme of things at camp, in the role of mother.
They did not turn to the only woman present at the camp, nor the man who disciplines them
each day, to fill their maternal needs. Instead they turn to the weakest figure in their
lives and mock him by referring to him as a woman. This demonstrates to us that Sachar
considers femininity a weakness in this world and has no issues showing us. As Ernst
wrote, "How easy is it to relegate girls to second class citizens when they are seen as
second-class citizens, or not at all" (Ernst 67).
This point is only furthered by the fact that the only woman present is such a fairy tale
character. She is portrayed to us as all but a sorceress and it can be assumed she has
taken on this persona in order to survive in a predominately male post in a totally male
dominated environment. Even in our class it was evident that many readers were taken
aback by the fact that Sachar chose to make his warden a female. And so it again can be
seen that Sachar has imparted onto us a bias that a real woman could not function in this
world so he had to invent a completely fictional and grandiose one. With all the other
characters in the book appearing so human, it seems obvious he turned the warden into a
beast because he felt he had to.
In What Jamie Saw, by Carolyn Coman, gender bias shows itself in a new way. In this book
masculinity and evil seem to go hand in hand. There is the character of Van, who is
pretty much the same abusive man from every after school special and info-mercial we see
during primetime, doing terrible things to a defenseless family. Then there is Jamie, who
by my estimation is one of the meekest male characters I have encountered in a children's
book. Finally we have Earl, who is such a hollow character that I truly believe he is
merely Coman's "out" for this book and nothing more. He is the not threatening to Jamie
and his family because he is not anything or anyone; he is simply the idea of a man. He
is not developed as a character nor does he give any insight into the situation he
encounters and therefore can be disregarded as a tertiary character either passive or
emotionally absent from the world around him. Van and Jamie however, serve a much more
prominent and functional purpose.
Van strikes me much the same way the Warden does in Holes. Although he is presented in a
slightly less fantastic light, one cannot help but see him as the embodiment of evil and
destruction within Coman's world. This not only demonstrates a stereotype of men as
violent, but it also is a necessity to the book because it does not ever actually detail
the violence occurring in the book other than the opening. By making Van the animal that
he is, we as readers have an easier time believing he is capable of the horrors inherent
within this book. He takes on almost a Neanderthal-ic feel as the book progresses and the
lives of everyone involved become more complicated. I do not mean to suggest that power
and masculinity always must go together, but Van most certainly is shown to us as the
stereotypical dominant male from the start. Using his brawn to solve problems rather than
his brain, Van is our worst nightmare of what a man is capable of becoming: a
thoughtless, guiltless tornado of destruction. Coman uses these biases present in our
minds to amplify her character and thereby increase the power of her story.
The gender bias in Virginia Hamilton's Cousins is very obvious and straightforward in the
form of Patty Ann, who is described many times the way we would talk about a porcelain
doll. Hamilton places on her character the two most common stereotypes women encounter:
the image of perfection and an innate insecurity with themselves. She does this very
blatantly, as is evident in her writing. This image of perfection can be seen in Cammy's
description of Patty Ann, "Patty Ann had her special expression again, the kind that made
folks say she was the best. That made people not notice the rest of her was just skin and
bones. Her face was just perfect..." (Hamilton 93). This image of fragile perfection is
what has kept women (especially those of beauty) from being perceived as equal or
intelligent. I was surprised to see this image so obviously presented until I realized it
was necessary for the character to function properly within the story. However it is
still obvious that one of the oldest female stereotypes exists in full force within the
character on Patty Ann. In addition to this doll-like quality, Hamilton shows us the
insecure underbelly of her character. Patty Ann shows throughout the book how much she
fears what others think of her through her attitude. She has a tendency to be rather mean
at times because of her insecurities and it serves to distance her from many people in
her life. Hamilton uses Patty Ann to demonstrate the perceptions people may have of girls
and then allows Cammy to digest Patty Ann's short life in order to debunk them. The image
of Patty Ann while she is alive and Cammy's view of her after she is gone differ greatly,
which serves to remove the validity from the very stereotypes Hamilton is presenting. 
Edward Bloor's Tangerine presents us with a gender bias we encounter more commonly in TV
sitcoms than in literature: that of the athletic, mean spirited, adolescent male. Erik's
tirades and terrors are well documented in the book, and though I will not rehash them I
will say that they are tragic. Bloor's character is menacing and torturous towards his
little brother for his own amusement and spite. Erik's ability to cover his tracks and
allow everyone to believe he is a "normal" young man turns him into a conniving villain
in this piece. Erik fits the jock/bully role perfectly and Bloor amplifies this by using
Paul's voice in his writing. Paul deems Erik's goals as "The Erik Fisher Football Dream"
and even comments on his love life. "I guess Paige and Tina want to date football
players, so these two will do. Erik and Arthur want to date cheerleaders, so these two
will do" (Bloor 39). Erik now is shown to us as a materialistic social climber with no
regard for anyone but himself. The egotistical Adonis we now see serves as the villain to
the sensitive and humble Paul. Bloor does this because to the modern reader the dominant
male character is very easy to hate, what with his well-documented oppression of every
other major group he encounters.
Bloor further stereotypes the Fisher family, but for a very different reason than the
other authors I have discussed. He is attempting to satirize our stereotypes of the
nuclear family through the over-the-top nature of this family. This is an approach that I
have not encountered and found most enjoyable. Bloor has a tendency to write many of the
family interactions in a rather tongue-in-cheek tone, which adds humor to the story and
allows us as readers to laugh at the ridiculousness of our own preconceived notions about
what a family "should" be. By showing us the augmented version of our stereotypes Bloor
hopes to show us how silly they truly are.
Walk Two Moons, by Sharon Creech is a book that I believe presents a very well rounded
and complete character in Sal. She is a warm and intelligent girl and Creech does not
encumber her character with the pitfalls of any evident stereotypes as far as I can see.
She interacts with her environment in a logical and intelligent way, and at times, such
as when her mother lost her baby, demonstrates amazing strength. It appears that Sal's
strength is derived from her family, which is a very endearing feature. This is probably
why Creech employed this characteristic, in order to make Sal someone we would want to
know and care for. It is important in this book for Sal to be someone the reader can
relate to because she is not only a central character but also a storyteller. We must
trust and care for her in order to feel the emotions Creech is trying to evoke. 
Sal's charming, simple humor and perseverance through tough times make her one of the
only characters we have encountered whom I feel is truly a complete and noble person.
Creech does an excellent job of getting into her psyche and displaying it to us
throughout the story without becoming overly dramatic or "sappy". Creech uses Sal to show
us the human spirit that can exist within a good and intelligent person, regardless of
their sex or social category.
All of these books deal with gender roles, either unwittingly or in order to display them
as falsehoods. They present to us a reflection, however warped it may be, of the world we
live in and the perceptions inherent within it. In order for us to recognize and deal
with these ideas, we must continue to discuss them through real-life situations or
literature we encounter. Only by dissecting obvious examples of these biases will we ever
be able to abandon them. Censoring books such as these merely avoids the problem and
allows future generations to go on clinging to the same stilted social values we fault
now. Each author presents to us an image of the world and then displays the principles
they hold dear by controlling their characters within it. It is by analyzing these images
and principles that we will be fully able to understand the views present around us and
thereby form a more educated one of our own. Ernst wrote, "...changes in children's books
often come long after they have been seen in reality" (76). We as teachers have a
responsibility to dialogue these notions with our students so that they will have the
insight to write about it in the future.
Bibliography
Bibliography
? Bloor, Edward. Tangerine. New York: Scholastic Inc., 1997.
? Coman, Carolyn. What Jamie Saw. New York: Puffin Books, 1995.
? Creech, Sharon. Walk Two Moons. New York: Harper Trophy, 1994.
? Ernst, Shirley B. "Gender Issues in Books for Children and Young Adults." Battling
Dragons. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1995. 
? Sachar, Louis. Holes. New York: Frances Foster Books, 1998.