FREE ESSAY ON HARD DRIVES

HARD DRIVES

Small Systems
Research Paper
Hard Drives
In this day and age of faster computers and high-speed processors, it should only stand
to reason that hard drives meet the same requirements as the rest of the computer
technology world. A technological look and some tips on maintaining or troubleshooting
hard drives is included below. By keeping up with the standard of needs of the industry
we can be assured that our personal computers will have all the necessary space and the
ability to access and save the data as required and in an efficient manner. 
The new DiamondMax? Plus 40 series from Maxtor can unleash your computer power with
advanced technology and performance. Available in capacities up to 40 GB, these 7,200 RPM
drives include Maxtor's unique DualWave? twin processor technology for a 10x boost in
host command processing speed. Coupled with 2 MB of high speed 100 MHz SDRAM for the
cache buffer and an UltraDMA 66 interface, give our DualWave-equipped hard drives
superior benchmark performance and maximum throughput. As a result, they're an ideal
choice for consumers working with large files, including audio and video applications.
No matter how demanding your application, the new DiamondMax Plus 40 series delivers the
ultimate in performance and capacity. With the popularity of multimedia, Internet and
audio/video applications, more performance is demanded from desktop PC systems than ever
before. System vendors are looking at all sub-components, including hard drives, as
critical elements in increasing system speed and performance. As we go forward every part
of the system will be called upon to improve throughput.
The hard drive is a critical element in system performance, influencing how fast windows
or Mac OS boots, how quickly applications launch, and the speed of loading large data or
graphics files. Any operation that involves moving large amounts of information on or off
the disk will reveal the importance of a high-performance hard drive. Many top PC
manufacturers are expanding the use of 7200 RPM drives across all platforms and market
segments. The performance achieved by 7200 RPM IDE drives also have made these drives a
viable alternative to SCSI in traditional SCSI applications such as server and
entry-level RAID. According to analysts at IDC, total worldwide shipments of 7200 RPM IDE
drives is expected to be 16% of all IDE drives by the end of this year. This number is
expected to be approximately 75% by the year 2002. 
The newly introduced DiamondMax? Plus 40 hard drives feature a 7200 RPM rotational speed
along with other performance-enhancing features that generate faster overall system
response times and performance. 
A Viable Alternative to SCSI,IDE 7200 RPM drives have made their way into the
storage-intensive environment of graphic and video applications. The ability to achieve
fast-sustained throughput is essential in high-end graphics and digital video content
creation. 7200 RPM drives establish a new price/performance ratio in the professional
graphic and digital video marketplace when compared to the SCSI alternative.
Maxtor's 7200 RPM IDE drives incorporate a larger buffer to provide high-sustained data
transfer rates that are important when working with large files such as multimedia and
video.
Maxtor is a leader in caching technology, employing sophisticated algorithms similar to
those found in high-end SCSI drives. Maxtor's drives feature a 2 MB cache buffer
incorporating a high-speed 100 MHz SDRAM memory, the same sort of memory found on today's
high performance systems.
Maxtor's 7200 RPM drives were the first IDE drives to be featured in a RAID level 5
configuration in an uncompressed nonlinear video editing system. The drive's high storage
capacity, reliability and performance are well suited for this application. RAID level 5
provides protection against drive failures because in the event of a failure, the drive
can be replaced without loss of data. This is especially critical in the video editing
process, where 1 GB of storage typically holds approximately 1 minute of uncompressed
video. The new DiamondMax Plus 40 drives include Maxtor's MaxSafe and ShockBlock
reliability feature set for added protection against surface scan errors and shock and
handling damage. This reliability set, when incorporated into a RAID level 5
configuration provides users in this market with unsurpassed protection against drive
failures and potential loss from expensive downtime and data loss. The editorial
community is taking notice of the SCSI-level performance that is achieved by today's 7200
RPM IDE drives. In a recent product evaluation of Maxtor's 7200 RPM drive published at
Winmag.com, the reviewers tested the drive's performance using an internally-developed
benchmark. The results were impressive. In the copy test, the drive copied at 3.29
MB/sec., surpassing the results of a competitive SCSI-2 LVD drive. Maxtor's DiamondMax
Plus 7200 RPM IDE drives are approximately 25% faster on copy speed than a competing SCSI
drive!
7200 RPM Drives Improve Overall System Performance
High-performance drives improve performance in several ways. The first is evident in the
WinBench measurement, a popular means of
evaluating system performance. In WinBench, a variety of popular applications are
simulated and overall execution time measured. A weighting factor is applied to the
execution time for each application package. Measurements have shown that 7200 RPM drives
improve WinBench scores approximately 20% over equivalent capacity 5400 RPM drives.
Considering that WinBench is a measure of overall system throughput, as opposed to just
drive throughput, this is an impressive result.
Random throughput, especially important in database or server applications, is largely
determined by seek time and rotational speed. In its roughest terms, random throughput,
in operations per second, is the speed of processing a string of mall transfer commands
where the data locations are randomly distributed over the disk. Maxtor's new 7200 RPM
rotational speed drive reduces rotational latency by 25% relative to 5400 RPM drives.
This results in a substantial improvement in the drive's random throughput. 
Sequential throughput, critical in graphics, video and entertainment applications, is
ultimately determined by the drive's internal data rate or the rate at which the
recording head transfers data to and from the disk. The factor that determines sustained
throughput, the internal data rate, is indirectly determined by the drive's rotational
rate. Simply stated, a faster-spinning drive will tend to read data from the disk faster.
If two drives, one 5400 and one 7200 RPM have the same capacity and the same number of
disks; the 7200 RPM drive will read the same amount of data in a shorter period. Files
therefore load faster, the OS boots in less time, and the computer responds more
quickly.
The insatiable need for performance in high-end computing systems and workstations
requires new technologies and architectures in order to meet the demand. Maxtor's new
DiamondMax Plus 40 incorporates a host of features to provide an increase in overall
system performance and responsiveness.
The DiamondMax 40 includes: 7200 RPM rotational speed; 
Capacities ranging from 10.2 GB to 40.9 GB; 2 MB cache buffer; DualWave controller;
MaxSafe media scan; ShockBlock mechanics; UltraDMA 66.
General information and troubleshooting your hard drive:
The amount of space available to store information on hard drives is constantly
increasing. Computer operating systems and system BIOS have limitations that are related
to specific hard drive capacities. Three capacity points that can affect how your
operating system and system BIOS support your hard drive are 8.4 GB, 2.1 GB, and 528 MB.

There are several PC components that have an EIDE drive capacity limitation at
approximately 8.4 GB. The BIOS limitations at the 2.1 GB and 528 MB capacity barriers do
not occur in newer systems. They are addressed here solely for the benefit of those who
may be experiencing issues with an older system. There is an 8.4 GB hard drive limitation
on some traditional system BIOS. The following is required to access the full capacity of
an 8.4 GB or larger hard drive: A system BIOS that supports extended functions 
An operating system that recognizes extended BIOS functions 
Operating systems that recognize extended BIOS functions: 
Windows 95 
Windows 98 
Operating systems that do not recognize extended BIOS functions: 
DOS 6.xx and earlier 
Windows 3.1x 
Windows NT (See note in table below.) 
Novell NetWare 
OS/2 Warp (See note in table below.) 
Operating System Limitation 
DOS 6.xx and earlier, Windows 3.1x,
Windows NT 4.0, 3.x, and earlier, Novell
NetWare-- 8.4 GB maximum capacity limit. Hard drive capacities larger than 8.4 GB are
recognized as 8.4 GB. 
Note: Windows NT 4.0 with Service Pack 3 recognizes hard drive capacities larger than 8.4
GB.
OS/2 Warp--
Note: OS/2 Warp has a driver update available, which should support hard drive capacities
larger than 8.4 GB. See IBM's OS/2 Device Driver Pak on-line for more details.
The limitations of your system BIOS and your operating system combined determine your
overall system limitation. For example, if your operating system recognizes extended BIOS
functions, but your system BIOS has a 2.1 GB drive barrier, you are limited to your
system BIOS's 2.1 GB drive barrier. Conversely, if your operating system does not
recognize extended BIOS functions, but your system BIOS supports 8.4 GB hard drives, you
are limited to your operating system's capability. Your system limitation is based on the
lowest functioning barrier. Since it is difficult to determine if your system BIOS
supports 8.4 GB or larger hard drives, we recommend using EZ-Drive 9.06W or later.
EZ-Drive 9.06W or later determines whether or not your system BIOS provides extended BIOS
support. If it does not, EZ-Drive installs EZ-BIOS on the boot sector of the hard drive
to support the full capacity of your 8.4 GB or larger hard drive. If your system supports
extended BIOS functions, EZ-Drive does not install EZ-BIOS. EZ-Drive software can be
downloaded here. 
If you do not use EZ-Drive, another option is to upgrade your system BIOS. A properly
upgraded system BIOS will support the full capacity of your hard drive if used with an
operating system that recognizes extended BIOS functions. Contact your system
manufacturer for more information.
Hard drives larger than 2.1 GB have more than 4095 cylinders. Some computer systems built
before early 1996 do not support hard drives with more than 4095 cylinders (hard drives
larger than 2.1 GB), unless you update the system BIOS, install an EIDE controller card
with onboard BIOS, or install third-party software such as EZ-Drive. You will know if
your system BIOS has this limitation after installing your drive if: 
Your operating system shows a much smaller drive capacity than the actual drive capacity.
Your system locks up on initial boot, preventing you from accessing CMOS setup. If your
operating system shows a much smaller drive capacity, use EZ-Drive to overcome the 2.1 GB
BIOS limitation. Your System Locks Up on Initial Boot. If you cannot access the CMOS
setup because your system locks up on initial boot, follow these instructions: 
1. Turn off your system power, check the IDE interface cable and power supply cable. 
2. Check jumper settings. 
3. Turn on your system power. 
4. Try to enter your CMOS setup and set the drive type to auto config.
If your system still does not respond, your system BIOS may not support drives with more
than 4095 cylinders. If this is the case, consider these solutions: 
1. Use EZ-Drive installation software. If the system locks up and prevents entry to CMOS,
you must turn off your system power and disconnect the IDE interface cable from the
system.
- Enter your CMOS setup. 
- Select the Hard Disk Type option for your new Western Digital hard drive. 
- Select a user defined drive type and enter: 1023 cylinders, 16 heads, and 63 sectors.
If your system does not have a user defined drive type, select 
Type 9. 
- Reconnect your IDE interface cable to the system. 
- Use EZ-Drive installation software. These new settings allow your system to boot so
that you can install EZ-Drive to access the full capacity of your drive. 
- OR- 
If you do not have a user defined or Type9 drive type, use option 2, 3, or 4 below to
change the parameters reported to the BIOS. 
2. Upgrade your system BIOS A properly upgraded system BIOS will support the full
capacity of your hard drive. Contact your system manufacturer. 
3. Install an EIDE controller card with an onboard BIOS that supports hard drives larger
than 2.1 GB. For 8.4 GB or larger hard drives, the EIDE controller card must support
extended BIOS functions. 
4. Rejumper the drive using alternate jumper set-tings and install EZ-Drive. With these
alternate jumper settings, you MUST install EZ-Drive.
Most computer systems built before August 1994 do not support hard drives larger than 528
MB, unless you update the system BIOS, install an EIDE controller card with onboard BIOS,
or install third-party software such as EZ-Drive. To determine if your system supports
drives with a capacity larger than 528 MB, we suggest the following: 
1. Enter your CMOS setup, look for options such as LBA, 
Large Disk Access, or Translation, and enable these options.
2. Frequently, but not always, you must select an auto config drive type. If you see a
value greater than 16 heads, you probably have translating BIOS. 
3. Contact your system or BIOS manufacturer and verify that your system recognizes drive
capacities over 528 MB.
In conclusion it has been shown that indeed hard drive specifications and technology is
keeping up with the rest of the technology world. Advances in throughput and access
speeds, coupled with large amounts of space, have made the personal computer much more
efficient and effective for the average and the serious user. 
Bibliography
Bibliography
'The Expanding Frontier for 7200 RPM Drives',
www.maxtor.com/techdocs/dm_p40wp.htm, February 14, 2000.
'Hard Drive Capacity Hard Drive Barriers',
www.westerndigital.com/products/drives/8-4barr.html, December 02, 1999.