FREE ESSAY ON IMPERAL PRESIDENTSY

IMPERAL PRESIDENTSY

War, or even the threat of it, has always seemed to give the president more power. In
times of war Americans often readily give more power to the president, but once the
crisis is over the public then becomes concerned with whether they have created an
office
that has become imperial. The office of the president has become increasingly more
powerful over the last 50-60 years. Even though the power to declare war and send US
troops into war belonged to Congress there have many presidents who have chosen to
disregard that point and enter our country into war. Recent history has shown that there
have been several occasions when the president has taken upon himself to deploy troops
or order attacks, without even as much as consulting Congress. One president was able to

trick the Congress into entering into war, and still others have informed Congress after
the
fact. 
In 1950, President Harry Truman dispatched troops to South Korea after it had
been invaded by Communist North Korea, without a declaration of war from Congress. 
Facing re-election in 1964, President Lyndon Johnson, wanting to be seen as taking a
hard
stance on Communism entered a war he never really supported in the first place. In
recently released, secretly recorded tapes, Johnson dicussing Viet Nam is heard telling
his
national security adviser, McGeorge Bundy, " It looks to me like we're getting into
another Korea, I don't see what we can ever hope to get out of there with once we're
committed....I don't think it's worth fighting for and I don't think we can get out, and
it's
just the biggest damn mess." (Scheer) But within three months of his statement, Johnson 
entered the US into the Viet Nam War. Johnson was able to enter the US into the Viet
Nam War by withholding information form Congress. American ships had reported a
possible attack by the North Vietnamese. That report turned out to be in error, a fact
that 
President Johnson knew about, but withheld from Congress for three days in order to
persuade them to pass the Gulf Of Tonkin Resolution. President Johnson had presented
the resolution to Congress as just an authorization to repel North Vietnamese attacks.
That resolution gave the president the power to do what he thought was needed militarily.

President Johnson immediately ordered the bombing of North Vietnamese naval bases,
resulting in the US being drawn full scale into the Viet Nam War. 
In 1973, Congress had enough and reclaimed the war making power when they
passed, over the veto of President Richard Nixon, the War Powers Resolution. The War
Powers Resolution called for the President to consult Congress at least 48 hours in
advance before sending military forces into imminent danger. Congress must also approve
the continued deployment of troops or weapons within 60 days or the president must pull
them out. (Church) However, in 1980, President Jimmy Carter ignored the resolution
when he launched a mission in hopes of rescuing American hostages being held in the
Middle East. It was only after the bombers were in the air and nearing their targets
that
Carter informed Congress. Eight servicemen died in a mission that was eventually
aborted. 
The next president, Ronald Reagan, more than once refused to seek Congressional
approval before sending US troops to foreign countries. Reagan ordered the invasion of
Granada to protect American medical students. Reagan also sent warships to the Persian
Gulf and defended his actions by contending that because the situation was non-imminent
he had the power to deploy troops without the permission of Congress. Following
Reagan's presidency, President George Bush also sent troops to foreign soil without the
approval of Congress. President Bush sent troops to invade Panama because of escalating
violence against Americans there. In 1994, President William Clinton ordered a military
invasion of Haiti to overthrow the government there without even consulting Congress.
That mission, like Carter's was also aborted.(Schell) Clinton never had the full support
of
Congress when he entered Somolia or Bosnia. Bill Cohen, a political commentary,
describes this type of behavior by these presidents best when he says: "When Congress is
not informed, or misinformed, when it is advised of actions long after they have
occurred,
the system of checks and balances is arrested. Democratic government, in effect,
deteriorates toward dictatorship." 
Another example of the Executive Branch taking matters into their own hands and
disregarding the Constitution is the Iran-Contra Scandal. The scandal came about when it
was revealed that President Reagan and Vice President Bush had secretly negotiated with
Iran for the release of hostages. Reagan and Bush had agreed to send arms(missiles)
through and intermediary to Iran in exchange for the hostages. This arrangement was
clearly against US policy. The Iran-Contra episode involved extensive lawbreaking,
perjury, cover-up and a betrayal of the constitution.(Government) Again I go to Bill
Cohen to best describe the situation:
"When an Administration adopts objectives whose goals, however defensible,
are at odds with the actions taken by Congress, or with its own publicly 
acknowledged positions, it embarks on a perilous course. Subordinates of any
President are motivated primarily by a desire to carry out his wishes, whatever
the consequences. Without an appreciation of the balance between the branches,
such subordinates may be ignoring the law, even if it means taking actions which
violate publicly stated US policy."
Another issue that lends itself to the idea of an Imperial Presidency is that of the
line-item veto. On June 1, 1997, a new law came into effect that allowed the president
to
reject specific items in appropriation bills, new entitlement programs, and special
interest
tax breaks without vetoing the entire bill. Existing entitlement programs such as
Medicare
and entitlement programs affecting more than 100 people are protected and could not be
touched. The first president to have this freedom of line-item veto is President Bill
Clinton, the man who actually signed the bill into law.(Grolier 1997) Proponents of this
law say it will let President Clinton cut unnecessary or "pork-barrel" spending. 
"Pork-barrel" spending is appropriations obtained by senators and congressmen for their
states or districts. Proponents say that the President could cut this type of spending
out of
a bill without vetoing the entire bill, bringing discipline to the budgeting
process.(Dodge)
But opponents of the line-item veto have fears over the shifting of power from
Capitol Hill to the White House. The line-item veto gives the president enormous
leverage
against Congress when the two branches of government are wrangling.(Welch) The
President can indeed use this new law to cut spending, but the real danger lies in what
else
he may be able to achieve with it. The President could use it to put pressure on
lawmakers to confirm his appointees to the courts, the Cabinet, or Ambassadors. The
President could also use the threat of a line-item veto to win support for his versions
of
laws, programs and treaties. There are those who feel that members of Congress will no
longer oppose the president even on such issues as foreign policy in fear of retaliation
on
their home state projects.(Line) Senator Patrick Moynihan, a leading opponent of the
line
item veto, said: "In the history of the Constitution there has never come before us an
issue
considering the relations between executive and legislative branches as important as
this
one."(Mauro) 
However, the line-item veto has serious constitutional problems. In Article 1,
Section 7 of the Constitution it states that Congress passes bills and the president may
veto them. It does not say "part of a bill" or "individual lines of a bill" it says
"bill"."(Matthew) In March of 1998, John Murtha finished his testimony before the
Congress regarding the line-item veto by saying: 
" Let me conclude by saying the Constitution is clear, appropriation bills start in
the house, and if passed by the senate, the bill is confrenced, repassed by both
bodies and sent to the President where he can sign or veto the bill. Anything less,
changes the balance which was set up under the constitution, and if it is to be
changed it can only be changed by a constitutional amendment."(Line)
On June 25, 1998 the Supreme Court agreed with Murtha. The Court ruled that a
true line-item veto would take a Constitutional amendment and the 82 times that Clinton
had used it had been unconstitutional.(Kenyon) The line item-veto had unconstitutionally
shifted power from Congress to the president. Supporters of the line-item veto have
already introduced new legislation to restore the president's ability to limit
congressional
spending. 
Unfortunately, the bipartisan phenomenon of an imperial presidency is still able to
avoid the safeguards set up in the constitution and abuse their powers in a way that
benefits their own objectives. Les Aspin warned of "crazed dictators" while testifying
during the Iran-Contra hearings. His warning is just as applicable today: "It behooves
Congress to use this interlude to dismantle the infrastructure of subterranean
government,
where the opportunity for so much abuse lurks."(Government)