FREE ESSAY ON KING LEOPOLD'S GHOST

KING LEOPOLD'S GHOST

King Leopold's Ghost tells a story of the Belgian King Leopold II and his misrule of an
African colony, named (at the time) the Congo Free State. It is a wild and unpleasant
story of a man's capacity for evil and the peculiar manifestation of it. 
In telling this story, Hochschild does a wonderful job of giving detailed descriptions,
especially of the colorful individuals involved, both good and bad. His analysis of the
situation is very solid, starting with the movement when the Congolese hero (Morel) finds
out a very terrible fact and moving on through his (Morel) analysis and actions, all the
while telling the story of a treacherous monster. Set in the palaces and boardrooms of
Europe and in the villages of central Africa, it tells the story of the tragedy that took
place during Leopold's so called rule, a tragedy that is so familiar to
African-Americans, being told of our African brothers residing in the homeland. This
horror story is just in fact that, a horror story, giving and revealing the utter most
secrets of the respected King Leopold. Allow me to take you on a journey, pointing out
the King's determination and, reasoning for what he'd done and the scars he left deep
within the heart of the Congo.
In the introduction I stated that Morel was the character that I considered to be the
hero of this story, now the main question behind that would be, why? Along with, Who is
Morel? His complete name was Edmund Dene Morel; he was a young clerk who worked for a
Liverpool based firm where his duties were to supervise the unloading and reloading of
the ships arriving in Antwerp, Belgium. As Morel watched the shipments arrive he noticed
something, a great amount of ivory and rubber were being transported into Belgium but
nothing was being taken out, as the book states: There is no trade going on here. Little
or nothing is being exchanged for the rubber and ivory...with almost no goods being sent
to Africa to pay for them, he realizes that there can be only one explanation for their
source: slave labor. (p.2)
With his newfound revelation at hand Morel does not sit still. Demonstrating that he
refused to turn a blind eye to what fortune had allowed him to see, he soon becomes
active with his newfound knowledge. Soon afterward Morel devoted his life to stopping
slavery in the Congo. From the early 1900's until after the death of Leopold in 1909,
Morel, having become a radical human rights campaigner, used the information smuggled out
of the Congo by missionaries and Leopold's employees, to set up the Congo Reform
Association (CRA) and mount a campaign that won the support of prominent politicians and
churchmen, both in Britain and in the United States. Among these supporters was the
highly respected Joseph Conrad (author of Heart of Darkness).
So what about this Mr. King Leopold? As of now you must understand that he has done
something far worse than inhabit slave labor and import ivory and rubber to have caused
such a controversy across the world? Simply, Leopold wanted a colony, any colony to give
his position some leverage; he felt that by owning more than just his small country, that
he'd somehow be validated as a King. Since he'd noticed the world flying by him quickly
with new developments and technological advancements, not to mention anyone who was
anyone owned a piece of the colonialism pie, Leopold just had to have his piece. 
Leopold feeling squeezed out by the British, French Empires, and the rising power of
Germany, studied forms of colonialism from the Dutch East Indies, to the British
possession in Indian and Africa. Leopold's regime, despite his studies, differed from
those of those of his fellow colonialists. Leopold schemed to build himself a forced
labor camp on a massive expanse of central Africa and was quite smooth with pulling all
of this off. Through methods of bribery, chicanery, brute force and almost supernatural
sense of cunning, Leopold had acquired an enormous private colony in Africa and gotten
the rest of the worked to accept his claim as legally binding.
In 1884 Leopold gained recognition for the Congo by making a web of bilateral agreements
at the Berlin conference in February 1885. The aim of the conference was proclaimed to be
abolishing the [Arab] slave trade, establishing peace among the chiefs and procuring them
just and impartial arbitration. And of course because this was Leopold's excellent idea
he was granted custody of the Congo, to bring civilization to the ignorant savages of
Africa. Amount its aims, he convinced the US, Germany and Britain, that not only would he
combat the Arabian slave trade but he would also establish Christian outpost on a heathen
continent. Soon after Leopold gained possession of the Congo the horror began
Leopold's main crime consisted of impressing as many Congolese as possible into forced
labor and requiring them to turn in quotas of rubber and ivory, with hideous
consequences, including mutilation if they failed. One might ask, what would drive a man
of such great respect and admiration to inflict that degree of pain on others? The answer
in my opinion remains simple, it was all about all about the Benjamin's baby. 
I won't even ask this next question, but to answer it, getting away with this type of
scheme was very well thought out. The text plainly states that, Unlike other great
predators of history... Leopold never saw a drop of blood spilt in anger. He never set
foot in the Congo. There is something very modern about that too, as there is about the
bomber pilot in the stratosphere, above the clouds, who never hears screams or sees
shattered homes or torn flesh. (p.4) Personally I can't help but analyze the parallel
that Hochschild makes between Leopold and the bomber pilot. I do agree on one hand, but
the only difference was that Leopold unlike the pilot did see the broken bones and torn
flesh, hence the hands he had brought to him. There are photographs of men , women and
children whose hands had been chopped off the text also stated that not only were the
hands and heads being cut off but noses and ears as well. (p.165) 
Having already established that he never went to the Congo himself, he must have had a
right hand man, and he did. This particular gentleman was a fearless yet insecure
explorer by the name of Henry Morton Stanley. Leopold enlisted Stanley, a seemingly
murderously natured person, to first chart the territory and set up a rudimentary
infrastructure of posts and pathways, to the native guides and porters. Stanley's other
tasks consisted of purchasing as much land as he was able to obtain, he was also
instructed to, ...place successively under...suzerainty...as soon as possible and without
losing one minute, all the chiefs from the mouth of Congo tot he Stanley falls... (p.70)

Now I know that all of this must sound pretty bad but it's imperative that I continue,
because this is the least of the tasks Stanley fulfilled. He was also sent to purchase
all the available ivory and establish barriers and tools on the roads he opened up, make
land rights treaties should be as brief as possible and in a couple of articles must
grant us everything. (p71) Not to mention that Stanley was a tyrant with a hair-trigger
temper who routinely murdered the locals, for no apparent reason. He considered native
Africans subhuman and thought nothing of destroying villages and impressing their
occupants into his service. What a monster huh? I sure think so. 
Leopold carved out the boundaries for the huge state and once his ownership of the Congo
was secure the rubber boom erupted. Rubber sap was in great demand and the Congo was
covered with rubber vines and the abundance of profits from rubber production saved
Leopold's colonial empire.
To keep his colony under control Leopold developed a military dictatorship over Congo, he
paid mercenaries, but in 1888 these were transformed into the Force Publique and at it's
peak there were members of 19,000 conscripted African soldiers and 420 white officers.
The soldiers were slaves who had been press-ganged through hostage taking, or stolen as
children and brought up in child colonies founded by Leopold and the Catholic Church.
The Congo region was turned from a preservation society into a grotesque forced-labor
camp on behalf of Leopold, running on slave labor, enforced by mostly Belgians driving
the local population into slavery as porters, road and railroad builders, ivory hunters
and rubber gatherers. A typical tactic was to burn down a village and kidnap the women
and hold them until the men agreed to whatever demands were made of them. Discipline was
arbitrary, fickle and often fatal. Hochschild identifies in the text that, the
soldiers...attacked the natives until able to seize their women; these women were kept as
hostages until the chief of the district brought in the required number of kilograms of
rubber. The rubber having been brought, the women were sold back to their owners for a
couple of goats apiece, and so he continued from village to village until the requisite
amount of rubber had been collected. (p161) 
Those that refused to cooperate with the officers faced a punishment installed by the
officer known as Fievez the text give the example of this stating that, a hundred heads
cut off, and there have been plenty of supplies ever since. (p.166) 
It saddened my heart and practically swept he breath from my lungs to grasp the mental
picture of theses traumatized men, possibly haven starved for days and severely
malnutrition, strapped, chained, and bound to one another, walking in syncopation, all
the while straining their necks and possibly giving themselves a headache for the sake of
possibly saving a limb, or a family member.
Another horror of this was the during the expeditions, force publique soldiers were
instructed to bring back a hand or head for each bullet fired, to make sure that none
were wasted or hidden for use in rebellions. Hochschild goes on to point out that the
killing of the Congolese was not an elaborate program of the ethnic genocide, it
nonetheless represented murder on a grand scale. This massacre, as I like to call it,
killed between five and eight million Africans and I can't help but think of how
devastating that must have been to their entire nation.
In the early 1900's (1908 to be specific) when Moral began to publicize the events taking
place in Leopold's Congo, Leopold attempted to destroy the evidence. For eight days the
furnaces in Leopold's Brussels headquarters were at full blast, as Congo State archives
were turned to ash. He sent word to his agent in the Congo to do likewise. Therefore the
entire Belgian State followed the Politics of Forgetting,.
As it may have been so easy for them to forget I am quite sure that the residence of the
Congo have not. The ghosts are unhappy there, I presume, and the gallons of slain blood
have turned into hard clay but they have not forgotten. Considering it was in the early
1900's, it is most amazing and almost surreal to grasp the realization that in a time
when black's in America were coming into their own, getting educated, and even going to
the lengths of forming Greek organizations, that their fellow brother in Africa were
being brutally mutilated and stripped of their humanity.
Hochschild has done an exemplary job of writing this book by gathering details and
evidence not to mention the wonderful writing skills that he's displayed throughout the
entire book. In my opinion, the account of shocking and brutal nature of Belgian colonial
rule, is worth reading on it's own, if only to remind us of the horror of the colonialism
from which the US has recently escaped. And anyone with an interest in the way we car for
or mistreat other humanbeings may find a great deal of food for thought here as well.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR 
Hochschild, a renowned journalist has taken on Stalin and Russian psyche in previous
books. He has been criticized the almost exclusive focus of the CRA movement on Belgium,
citing comparable brutality by the US in the Philippines, the British in Australia, the
Germans in what is now Namibia. 
Bibliography
Hochschild, Adam King Leopold's Ghost:a story of greed, terror, and heroism in colonial
Africa.
First Mariner Books 1998. New York